Observation of Short-term and Long-term Efficacy of Bronchoscopic Interventional Therapy in the Treatment of Typical Carcinoid / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#The curative potential of various bronchoscopic treatments such as electric snare, carbon dioxide freezing, argon plasma coagulation (APC), Neudymium-dopted Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of intraluminal tumor has been administered previously, but this regimen is not common in the treatment of typical carcinoid. The aim of this study is to investigate the curative effects both in short-term and long-term of interventional bronchoscopy in the treatment of typical carcinoid.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of typical carcinoid patients who were treated with interventional bronchoscopy for tumor suppression and they were hospitalized in the Emergency General Hospital from December 2010 to December 2020, and Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were used for analysis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 32 patients were included, including 18 cases of preoperative bronchial artery embolization (embolization rate 56%, 95%CI: 31%-79%). The grade score of dyspnea decreased from before treatment to after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant [(1.44±1.03) score vs (0.25±0.58) score, P=0.003]; The degree of bronchial stenosis decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment, and the difference was statistically significant [(87.50%±13.90%) vs (17.50%±6.83%), P<0.001]; There was significant difference in bronchial diameter before and after treatment [(0.14±0.18) cm vs (0.84±0.29) cm, P<0.001].@*CONCLUSIONS@#Bronchoscopic interventional therapy has significant short-term and long-term effects in the treatment of typical carcinoid.

Tumor carcinoide atípico solitario de timo: una entidad inusual que no debemos olvidar / Solitary atipic carcinoid tumor of the thymus: an unusual entity that we should not forget

Resumen: Los tumores neuroendocrinos primarios (NET) del mediastino son muy raros. Presentamos el caso de un tumor carcinoide atípico primario de timo. Un hombre de 52 años que fue a un examen médico porque se quejaba de tos no productiva sin hemoptisis. Se solicitó una radiografía de tórax donde se evidenció un mediastino notablemente ensanchado, con una tomografía de tórax que mostro una masa tumoral de 90 x 50 mm en el mediastino anterosuperior que comprime el arco aórtico y la arteria pulmonar sin un plano de clivaje adecuado. Debido a que el tumor era infiltrativo, se proporcionó escisión quirúrgica completa, quimioterapia y radioterapia al mediastino. El objetivo principal de nuestro estudio fue evaluar los hallazgos de CT y MRI con relación a la literatura mundial.

Abstract: Primary neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the mediastinum are very rare. We present the case of a primary atypical carcinoid tumor of the thymus. A 52-year-old man who went to a medical examination because he complained of a non-productive cough without hemoptysis. A chest radiograph was requested where a markedly widened mediastinum was evidenced, with a thoracic tomography showing a tumor mass of 90 x 50 mm in the anterosuperior mediastinum that compresses the aortic arch and pulmonary artery without an adequate cleavage plane. Because the tumor was infiltrative, complete surgical excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were provided to the mediastinum. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the findings of CT and MRI in relation to universal literature.

Bronchial carcinoid tumors: second primary neoplasms and outcomes of surgical treatment / Tumores carcinoides brônquicos: segunda neoplasia primária e desfechos do tratamento cirúrgico

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze determinants of prognosis in patients with bronchial carcinoid tumors treated surgically and the potential concomitance of such tumors with second primary neoplasms. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 51 bronchial carcinoid tumors treated surgically between 2007 and 2016. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and determinants of prognosis were evaluated. Primary neoplasms that were concomitant with the bronchial carcinoid tumors were identified by reviewing patient charts. Results: The median age was 51.2 years, 58.8% of the patients were female, and 52.9% were asymptomatic. The most common histology was typical carcinoid (in 80.4%). Five-year DFS was 89.8%. Ki-67 expression was determined in 27 patients, and five-year DFS was better among the patients in whom Ki-67 expression was ≤ 5% than among those in whom it was > 5% (100% vs. 47.6%; p = 0.01). Concomitant primary neoplasms were observed in 14 (27.4%) of the 51 cases. Among the concomitant primary neoplasms that were malignant, the most common was lung adenocarcinoma, which was observed in 3 cases. Concomitant primary neoplasms were more common in patients who were asymptomatic and in those with small tumors. Conclusions: Surgical resection is the mainstay treatment of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors and confers a good prognosis. Bronchial carcinoid tumors are likely to be accompanied by second primary neoplasms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os determinantes do prognóstico em pacientes com tumores carcinoides brônquicos tratados cirurgicamente e possível segunda neoplasia primária concomitante. Métodos: Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva de 51 tumores carcinoides brônquicos tratados cirurgicamente entre 2007 e 2016. A sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) foi calculada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, e os determinantes do prognóstico foram avaliados. As neoplasias primárias concomitantes aos tumores carcinoides brônquicos foram identificadas por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes. Resultados: A mediana de idade foi de 51,2 anos, 58,8% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 52,9% eram assintomáticos. A classificação histológica mais comum foi carcinoide típico (em 80,4%). A SLD em cinco anos foi de 89,8%. A expressão de Ki-67 foi determinada em 27 pacientes, e a SLD em cinco anos foi melhor nos pacientes nos quais a expressão de Ki-67 foi ≤ 5% do que naqueles nos quais a expressão de Ki-67 foi > 5% (100% vs. 47,6%; p = 0,01). Neoplasias primárias concomitantes foram observadas em 14 (27,4%) dos 51 casos. Entre as neoplasias primárias malignas concomitantes, a mais comum foi o adenocarcinoma pulmonar, observado em 3 casos. Neoplasias primárias concomitantes foram mais comuns em pacientes assintomáticos e naqueles com tumores pequenos. Conclusões: A resseção cirúrgica é o principal tratamento de tumores carcinoides broncopulmonares e propicia um bom prognóstico. É provável que tumores carcinoides brônquicos se relacionem com segunda neoplasia primária.

Most small bowel cancers are revealed by a complication / A maioria dos cânceres de intestino delgado são revelados por uma complicação

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the pattern of primary small bowel cancers in a tertiary East-European hospital. Methods A retrospective study of patients with small bowel cancers admitted to a tertiary emergency center, over the past 15 years. Results There were 57 patients with small bowel cancer, representing 0.039% of admissions and 0.059% of laparotomies. There were 37 (64.9%) men, mean age of 58 years; and 72 years for females. Out of 57 patients, 48 (84.2%) were admitted due to an emergency situation: obstruction in 21 (38.9%), perforation in 17 (31.5%), upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 8 (14.8%), and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 (3.7%). There were 10 (17.5%) duodenal tumors, 21 (36.8%) jejunal tumors and 26 (45.6%) ileal tumors. The most frequent neoplasms were gastrointestinal stromal tumor in 24 patients (42.1%), adenocarcinoma in 19 (33.3%), lymphoma in 8 (14%), and carcinoids in 2 (3.5%). The prevalence of duodenal adenocarcinoma was 14.55 times greater than that of the small bowel, and the prevalence of duodenal stromal tumors was 1.818 time greater than that of the small bowel. Obstruction was the complication in adenocarcinoma in 57.9% of cases, and perforation was the major local complication (47.8%) in stromal tumors. Conclusion Primary small bowel cancers are usually diagnosed at advanced stages, and revealed by a local complication of the tumor. Their surgical management in emergency setting is associated to significant morbidity and mortality rates.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o padrão de neoplasias malignas primárias do intestino delgado em um hospital terciário de Leste Europeu. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com câncer de intestino delgado, internados em um hospital terciário e de emergência, ao longo dos últimos 15 anos. Resultados Foram avaliados 57 pacientes com neoplasias malignas gastrintestinais, o que representou 0,039% das admissões e 0,059% das laparotomias realizadas. Total de 37 (64,9%) pacientes masculinos, média de idade de 58 anos, e de 72 anos para mulheres. Dentre os 57 pacientes, 48 (84,2%) foram internados em situação de emergência: obstrução intestinal em 21 (38,9%), perfuração em 17 (31,5%), hemorragia digestiva alta em 8 (14,8%), e hemorragia digestiva baixa em 2 (3,7%). Houve 10 (17,5%) tumores duodenais, 21 (36,8%) jejunais e 26 (45,6%) ileais. As neoplasias mais frequentes foram tumor estromal gastrintestinal, em 24 (42,1%) pacientes, adenocarcinoma em 19 (33,3%), linfoma em 8 (14%) e carcinoides em 2 (3,5%). A prevalência de adenocarcinoma duodenal foi 14,55 vezes maior do que a do intestino delgado, e a prevalência de tumores estromais duodenais foi 1,818 vez maior do que a do intestino delgado. A obstrução intestinal foi complicação do adenocarcinoma em 57,9% dos casos, e a perfuração foi a principal complicação local (47,8%) dos tumores estromais. Conclusão As neoplasias malignas primárias do intestino delgado foram geralmente diagnosticadas em estado avançado e reveladas por uma complicação local do tumor. O tratamento cirúrgico em situação de emergência está associado à significativa morbimortalidade.

Tumores carcinoides pulmonares tratados quirúrgicamente valor pronóstico de la 7ª estadificación TNM

Con el objetivo de evaluar el valor pronóstico de la 7a estadificación TNM se analizaron 43 mujeres (61%) y 28 hombres (39%) con diagnóstico de tumor carcinoide tratados quirúrgicamente desde enero/1975 hasta diciembre/2011. Mediana de edad: 38 años (13-67). Presentaron carcinoide típico (CT) 63 (89%) pacientes y 8 (11%) carcinoide atípico (CA). Mediana de seguimiento: 4 años (1 - 24 años). Los estadios correspondientes a CT fueron: IA = 33 (52%), IB = 10 (16%), IIA = 2 (3%), IIB = 2 (3%), IIIA = 12 (19%) y IIIB = 2 (3%); para los CA fueron: IA = 1 (12.5%), IIB = 1 (12.5%), IIIA = 2 (25%) y IIIB = 4 (50%). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la supervivencia global a cinco años en el análisis estratificando por estadios (p = 0.689), ni analizando separadamente cada tipo histológico (CT p = 0.547; CA p = 0.592). El intervalo libre de enfermedad fue significativamente menor (CT: 3 años vs CA: 2 años, p = 0.000) y las recaídas más frecuentes en el grupo de carcinoides atípicos (CA: 50% vs CT: 2%, p = 0.000). Los pacientes con CT presentaron buena evolución aun en estadios avanzados, mientras que los que tuvieron CA presentaron menor tiempo de supervivencia e intervalo libre de enfermedad, y mayor frecuencia de recurrencia. El subtipo histológico resultó un factor significativo de pronóstico, mientras que la 7ª estadificación TNM no contribuyó en predecir la supervivencia en los tumores carcinoides.

We analyzed 43 women (61%) and 28 men (39%) surgically treated for carcinoid tumors from Jan/1975 to Dec/2011. Median age: 38 years (13-67). Typical carcinoid (TC) appeared in 63 (89%) patients, 8 (11%) suffered from atypical carcinoid (AC). Median follow-up: 4 years (1-24). TC stages were: IA = 33 (52%), IB = 10 (16%), IIA = 2 (3%), IIB = 2 (3%), IIIA = 12 (19%) and IIIB = 2 (3%); AC stages were: IA = 1 (12.5%), IIB = 1 (12.5%), IIIA = 2 (25%) and IIIB = 4 (50%). TNM classification did not show significant differences on 5-years survival period by stage (p = 0.689), even according to histological type (TC: p = 0.547; AC: p = 0.592). The disease-free survival rate was significantly lower (TC: 3 years vs. AC: 2 years, p = 0.000) and relapses were more frequent in AC (AC: 50% vs. TC: 2%, p = 0.000). The 7th TNM staging was not influential in estimating survival from carcinoid tumours in our population. The histological subtype was a better prognostic factor.

Adenoma carcinoide de oído medio / Middle ear carcinoid adenoma

Las neoplasias primarias de oído medio son poco frecuentes y más aún lo es el adenoma de oído medio. Se plantea que el tumor se origina de células pluripotenciales endodérmicas indiferenciadas que están presentes en la mucosa. El adenoma carcinoide está compuesto por dos tipos de células: exocrinas y neuroendocrinas, estas últimas son capaces de liberar granulaciones y neuropéptidos que se detectan en la inmunohistoquímica. La mayoría se presentan con síntomas vagos de la esfera otológica, siendo raras las manifestaciones sistémicas de síndrome carcinoide. No existe examen físico característico ni patrón imagenológico. Se debe hacer diagnóstico diferencial con colesteatoma y otros tumores de oído medio. El diagnóstico definitivo es anatomopatológico y el tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico dado el potencial destructivo local. Se presentan en este artículo dos casos de adenoma carcinoide de oído medio.

Primary neoplasms of the middle ear are rare and even more so is the middle ear adenoma. It is stated that the tumor originates from undifferentiated endodermal stem cells that are present in the mucosa. Carcinoid adenoma is compromised of two cell types; exocrine and neuroendocrine cells, the latter are able to release neuropeptides and granulations that can be detected in immunohistochemistry. Most cases present with vague symptoms of the otologic sphere, being less common the systemic manifestations of carcinoid syndrome. There is no physical examination or characteristic imaging pattern. Differential diagnosis must be done with cholesteatoma and other middle ear tumors. The definitive diagnosis is anatomopathological and the treatment of choice is surgery given the local destructive potencial. Two cases of middle ear carcinoid adenoma are presented in this article.

Tratamento de tumor carcinoide gástrico solitário por polipectomia endoscópica / Treatment of solitary gastric carcinoid tumor by endoscopic polypectomy

Tumores carcinoides do estômago consistem em neoplasias do sistema neuroendócrino difuso que, embora raras, têm apresentado uma crescente incidência. Sua origem está nas células enterocromafins da mucosa gástrica. A abordagem clínica ideal ainda está sendo elucidada, dependendo do tipo, tamanho e número de lesões, bem como da presença de metástases. Este é o relato de caso de um tumor carcinoide gástrico solitário do tipo I, tratado satisfatoriamente por polipectomia endoscópica (AU)

Carcinoid tumors of the stomach consist of neoplasms of the diffuse neuroendocrine system which, although rare, have shown increasing incidence. Their origin is in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastric mucosa. The optimal clinical approach is still being elucidated, depending on the type, size and number of lesions and the presence of metastases. This is the case report of a solitary gastric carcinoid tumor type I, treated successfully by endoscopic polypectomy (AU)

Metastatic Thymic Carcinoid: Does Surgeon Have a Primary Role.

Thymic carcinoids are rare mediastinal tumours. These are aggressive tumours that often present late and have poor prognosis. Primary surgical treatment is recommended even in metastatic tumours since the role of adjuvant therapy is not well established. We present a case of metastatic thymic carcinoid managed with surgical excision.

Gastrectomía laparoscópica en carcinoide gástrico / Laparoscopic gastrectomy in gastric carcinoid

Introduction: gastric carcinoid is a very low frequency tumor. A proportion of them require surgery to control the disease. The ideal surgical treatment is controversial. Aim: to describe the perioperative and follow-up course of patients with gastric carcinoid subjected to laparoscopic gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: retrospective study of patients undergoing some type of laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric carcinoid the last 10 years. We collected demographic background, preoperative evaluation, type of surgery, complications and follow-up. Results: during the study period were operated 7 patients, 5 were men. The average age was 54 years. In three patients the diagnosis was a finding, while the rest had abdominal pain associated with nonspecific symptoms. Four patients had a type I gastric carcinoid associated with chronic gastritis and hypergastrinemia, and the others had a type III gastric carcinoid. Six patients underwent lapa-roscopic total gastrectomy while in the remaining patient (type III) was subtotal. There were no postoperative complications. During follow-up one patient required a reoperation for mechanical ileus secondary to adhesions and one patient required endoscopic dilatation because esophagoyeyunostomy stenosis. At 32 months of median follow-up (1-52) no patient has relapsed. Conclusion: laparoscopic gastrectomy is an alternative in the surgical treatment of patients with gastric carcinoid. It's safe and represent adequate oncological results in the short and medium term.

Introducción: el carcinoide gástrico es un tumor de muy baja frecuencia. Una proporción de ellos requiere de cirugía para controlar la enfermedad. El tratamiento quirúrgico ideal es controversial. Objetivo: describir los resultados perioperatorios y de seguimiento de pacientes con carcinoide gástrico de indicación quirúrgica, sometidos a gastrectomía laparoscópica. Materiales y Métodos: estudio retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a algún tipo de gastrectomía por vía laparoscópica por carcinoide gástrico en los últimos 10 años. Se recopilaron antecedentes demográficos, estudio preoperatorio, tipo de cirugía, complicaciones y seguimiento. Resultados: durante el período de estudio se operaron 7 pacientes, 5 eran hombres. El promedio de edad fue 54 años. En tres pacientes el diagnóstico fue por hallazgo mientras que en el resto la presentación fue dolor abdominal asociado a síntomas inespecíficos. Cuatro pacientes presentaban un carcinoide tipo I asociado a gastritis crónica e hipergastrinemia, mientras el resto presentaba un carcinoide tipo III. En 6 pacientes se realizó una gastrectomía total por vía laparoscópica mientras que en el paciente restante (tipo III) fue subtotal. No hubo complicaciones postoperatorias. Durante el seguimiento un paciente requirió una re-exploración quirúrgica por un íleo mecánico secundario a bridas y otro paciente requirió dilatación endoscópica por estenosis de la esófago-yeyuno anastomosis. A los 32 meses de seguimiento promedio (1-52) ningún paciente ha recidivado. Conclusión: la gastrectomía laparoscópica constituye una alternativa quirúrgica en el tratamiento de los pacientes con carcinoide gástrico. Es una cirugía segura y de resultados oncológicos adecuados en el seguimiento a corto y mediano plazo de este tipo de pacientes.

Carcinoid tumor of the duodenum

ContextDuodenal carcinoids are extremely rare, and their characteristics and biological behavior have not been fully elucidated.ObjectiveTo analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with resected duodenal carcinoids.MethodsTwenty patients (12 females and 8 males) were investigated. Their average age was 66.4 ± 5.8 years old (43 to 88 years old). The data corresponding to the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with duodenal carcinoid tumors subjected to resection over a period of 18 years (1993-2011) were analyzed.ResultsThe most common symptoms were dyspepsia (50%) and epigastric pain (45%) followed by weight loss (10%) and vomiting (5%). Carcinoid syndrome was not observed in any patient. The lesion was located on the first part of the duodenum in 15 (75%) patients, the second part in 4 (20%) patients, and the third part in 1 (5%) patient. The diagnosis of a carcinoid tumor was established through an endoscopic excision biopsy in 19 (95%) patients and an histopathological examination of the surgical specimen in 1 (5%) patient. The average tumor size was 1.1 cm ± 0.4 cm (0.3 cm to 6.0 cm). Nineteen (95%) patients were initially treated by endoscopic resection of the duodenal lesion. One patient (5%), whose tumor was on the third part of the duodenum underwent a duodenectomy of the third and fourth duodenal parts and duodenojejunal anastomosis. The duodenal carcinoid resection margin was involved in four (20%) patients. Four (20%) patients were subjected to a partial gastrectomy to fully remove the lesion. The tumor was restricted to the submucosal layer in 16 (80%) cases, and it penetrated into the muscular layer in 4 (20%) cases. All patients exhibited positive chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and/or synaptophysin immunostaining. The average duration of the follow-up period was 39.6 months (3 to 96 months). Twelve (60%) of the 20 cases in this series are alive without any evidence of active disease. Only one (5%) patient died due to liver metastases of the duodenal carcinoid.ConclusionsDuodenal carcinoids are rare and indolent tumors usually associated with a benign progression. Duodenoscopy, computerized tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound should be performed to evaluate the tumor size, the level of wall invasion, and the presence of regional or distant lymphatic metastases. Endoscopic removal of tumors smaller than 1.0 cm without periampullary localization or evidence of muscular propria layer invasion assessed by histology and/or endoscopic ultrasound is recommended. The endoscopic resection with a carcinoid tumor size between 1.0 cm and 2.0 cm can be incomplete and require new endoscopic resection or even surgical removal. Duodenal carcinoid larger than 2.0 cm require full-thickness resection and concomitant lymphadenectomy.

ContextoCarcinoides duodenais são extremamente raros e as características e o comportamento biológico dessa neoplasia permanecem indefinidos.ObjetivoAnalisar as características clinicopatológicas de doentes com carcinoide duodenal ressecado.MétodosVinte doentes (12 mulheres e 8 homens) foram estudados. A média de idade dos doentes foi de 66,4 ± 5,8 anos (43 a 88 anos). Os dados do quadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico dos doentes com tumor carcinoide do duodeno submetidos a ressecção da lesão no período de 18 anos (1993-2011) foram analisados.ResultadosOs sintomas mais frequentes foram dispepsia (50%) e epigastralgia (45%), seguidos por perda de peso (10%) e vômitos (5%). Não foram observados doentes com síndrome carcinoide. A lesão estava localizada na primeira porção do duodeno em 15 (75%) pacientes, na segunda porção em 4 (20%) e na terceira porção em 1 (5%). O diagnóstico de tumor carcinoide foi estabelecido pela biopsia endoscópica excisional em 19 (95%) pacientes e pelo exame histopatológico da peça cirúrgica em um (5%). O tamanho médio dos tumores foi de 1,1 cm ± 0,4 cm (0,3 cm a 6,0 cm). Dezenove (95%) doentes foram tratados, inicialmente, por ressecção endoscópica da lesão duodenal e um (5%) com lesão na terceira porção duodenal foi submetido a duodenectomia da terceira e quarta porções do duodeno e duodenojejunoanastomose. A margem de ressecção do carcinoide duodenal estava comprometida em quatro (20%) casos e em quatro (20%) pacientes foi realizada gastrectomia parcial para retirada completa da lesão. O tumor estava limitado à camada submucosa em 16 (80%) casos e penetrava a camada muscular própria em 4 (20%). Todos os pacientes apresentaram imunomarcação positiva para cromogranina A, enolase neurônio-específica ou sinaptofisina. A média do período de seguimento foi de 39,6 meses (3 a 96 meses). Dos 20 casos desta série, 12 (60%) permanecem vivos e sem evidência de doença ativa e apenas 1 (5,0%) faleceu por metástase hepática do carcinoide duodenal.ConclusõesCarcinoides duodenais são tumores raros e indolentes normalmente associados a bom prognóstico. Duodenoscopia, tomografia computadorizada e ultrassonografia endoscópica devem ser realizadas para avaliar o tamanho do tumor, o nível de invasão da parede e a presença de metástases linfáticas regionais e/ou distantes. Remoção endoscópica de tumores menores que 1,0 cm, sem localização periampolar ou evidência de invasão da camada muscular própria avaliada pela histologia e/ou ultrassonografia endoscópica é recomendada. A ressecção endoscópica de tumor carcinoide com tamanho entre 1,0 cm e 2,0 cm pode ser incompleta e requerer nova ressecção endoscópica ou mesmo remoção cirúrgica. Carcinoides duodenais maiores que 2,0 cm necessitam de ressecção com espessura total e linfadenectomia concomitante.

CARCINOID TUMOR OF THE DUODENUM: a rare tumor at an unusual site. Case series from a single institution

Context Duodenal carcinoids are extremely rare, and their characteristics and biological behavior have not been fully elucidated. Objective To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with resected duodenal carcinoids. Methods Twenty patients (12 females and 8 males) were investigated. Their average age was 66.4 ± 5.8 years old (43 to 88 years old). The data corresponding to the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with duodenal carcinoid tumors subjected to resection over a period of 18 years (1993-2011) were analyzed. Results The most common symptoms were dyspepsia (50%) and epigastric pain (45%) followed by weight loss (10%) and vomiting (5%). Carcinoid syndrome was not observed in any patient. The lesion was located on the first part of the duodenum in 15 (75%) patients, the second part in 4 (20%) patients, and the third part in 1 (5%) patient. The diagnosis of a carcinoid tumor was established through an endoscopic excision biopsy in 19 (95%) patients and an histopathological examination of the surgical specimen in 1 (5%) patient. The average tumor size was 1.1 cm ± 0.4 cm (0.3 cm to 6.0 cm). Nineteen (95%) patients were initially treated by endoscopic resection of the duodenal lesion. One patient (5%), whose tumor was on the third part of the duodenum underwent a duodenectomy of the third and fourth duodenal parts and duodenojejunal anastomosis. The duodenal carcinoid resection margin was involved in four (20%) patients. Four (20%) patients were subjected to a partial gastrectomy to fully remove the lesion. The tumor was restricted to the submucosal layer in 16 (80%) cases, and it penetrated into the muscular layer in 4 (20%) cases. All patients exhibited positive chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and/or synaptophysin immunostaining. The average duration of the follow-up ...

Contexto Carcinoides duodenais são extremamente raros e as características e o comportamento biológico dessa neoplasia permanecem indefinidos. Objetivo Analisar as características clinicopatológicas de doentes com carcinoide duodenal ressecado. Métodos Vinte doentes (12 mulheres e 8 homens) foram estudados. A média de idade dos doentes foi de 66,4 ± 5,8 anos (43 a 88 anos). Os dados do quadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico dos doentes com tumor carcinoide do duodeno submetidos a ressecção da lesão no período de 18 anos (1993-2011) foram analisados. Resultados Os sintomas mais frequentes foram dispepsia (50%) e epigastralgia (45%), seguidos por perda de peso (10%) e vômitos (5%). Não foram observados doentes com síndrome carcinoide. A lesão estava localizada na primeira porção do duodeno em 15 (75%) pacientes, na segunda porção em 4 (20%) e na terceira porção em 1 (5%). O diagnóstico de tumor carcinoide foi estabelecido pela biopsia endoscópica excisional em 19 (95%) pacientes e pelo exame histopatológico da peça cirúrgica em um (5%). O tamanho médio dos tumores foi de 1,1 cm ± 0,4 cm (0,3 cm a 6,0 cm). Dezenove (95%) doentes foram tratados, inicialmente, por ressecção endoscópica da lesão duodenal e um (5%) com lesão na terceira porção duodenal foi submetido a duodenectomia da terceira e quarta porções do duodeno e duodenojejunoanastomose. A margem de ressecção do carcinoide duodenal estava comprometida em quatro (20%) casos e em quatro (20%) pacientes foi realizada gastrectomia parcial para retirada completa da lesão. O tumor estava limitado à camada submucosa em 16 (80%) casos e penetrava a camada muscular ...

Fibrogenesis and carcinoid tumor: a case report

Carcinoid tumors are rare. They may appear in the entire gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, with single or multiple occurrences. Prognosis is dependent on the size and location. Symptoms may appear in carcinoid syndrome, related to active substances, especially serotonin. One important aspect associated with these tumors and usually ignored is fibrogenesis. This is a case report of a patient with carcinoid tumor of the terminal ileum, treated by laparoscopy, associated with fat and fibrosis infiltration. (AU)

Tumores carcinoides são pouco frequentes, podem surgir em todo o trato gastrointestinal e respiratório, podem ser únicos ou múltiplos. O prognóstico depende do tamanho e da localização do tumor. Podem ocorrer sintomas relacionados à síndrome carcinoide, decorrente da produção de substâncias ativas, em especial serotonina. Um aspecto comumente ignorado associado a estes tumores é a estimulação da fibrogênese. Relatamos um caso de tumor carcinoide de íleo, tratado por videolaparoscopia, associado à infiltração fibroadiposa. (AU)

Tumor carcinoide e sequestro pulmonar / Carcinoid tumor and pulmonary sequestration

O sequestro pulmonar é definido como uma massa de tecido pulmonar separada da árvore traqueobrônquica e irrigada por uma artéria sistêmica anômala. Sua associação com neoplasias pulmonares é rara. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 39 anos com o diagnóstico de tumor carcinoide localizado no brônquio intermediário, associado a alterações caracterizadas como bronquiectasias em lobo inferior direito. A paciente foi submetida à toracotomia para ressecção da área acometida e, durante a cirurgia, apresentou hemorragia importante decorrente da transecção da artéria anômala que nutria o sequestro pulmonar intralobar localizado em lobo inferior direito, não identificado nos exames pré-operatórios.

Pulmonary sequestration is defined as a mass of lung tissue separated from the tracheobronchial tree and irrigated by an anomalous systemic artery. It is rarely seen in conjunction with lung neoplasms. We report the case of a 39-year-old female patient diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor, located in the intermediate bronchus and accompanied by bronchiectasis in the right lower lobe. The patient underwent thoracotomy for the resection of the affected area. During surgery, she presented with significant hemorrhage resulting from the transection of the anomalous artery that irrigated an intralobar pulmonary sequestration, which was located in right lower lobe and had not been identified in pre-operative examinations.

[ management of bronchial carcinoid]

Bronchial Carcinoid tumors account 1-2% for all lung malignancies, and [WHO] described two different groups of carcinoid tumors: typical carcinoid [TC] and atypical carcinoid [AC]. This study demonstrates the experience of Alassad university hospital in Damascus with patients treated surgically for typical and atypical carcinoid tumors of the Lung. We retrospectively reviewed data of 60 patient who underwent surgery for carcinoid tumor from [1993-2010] in the department of thoracic surgery in Alassad university hospital, Several variables were reviewed in all patient. There were 60 cases of pulmonary carcinoid tumors 53 typical carcinod 88.33% and 7 atypical 11.66%. There were 22 female 36.66% and 38 male 63.33% with median age of 42 years, and the ratio of carcinoid tumors to other primary lung cancer was 3,3%. Surgery consisted of 39 formal lung resection 19 lobectomies 31.66%, 12 bilobectomies 20%, 9 pneumonectomy 15%,18 sleeve or bronchoplastic resection 30%.there were lymph node involvement in 9 patients 16%, 7 ipsilateral hilar lymph -nodes N1 and 2 ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node N2. No perioperative mortality occurred, and the overall 5 year survival was 100%. Pulmonary carcinoid is an uncommon tumor, and typical carcinoid is more common than atypical, Parenchyma-sparing procedures are the treatment of choice with excellent long term survival.

Periampullary carcinoid: An uncommon tumor at an unusual site.

Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors represent a group of well-differentiated tumors originating from various neuroendocrine cells located in the gastrointestinal mucosa and submucosa. Consequently, there is diversity in their clinical presentation, incidence at specific anatomic sites, biological behavior, hormone production, morphologic characteristics, and immunophenotype. Periampullary carcinoids are extremely rare and less then 100 patients have been reported in the world literature, that too mostly as case reports. We are reporting two cases of periampullary carcinoids, one of which presented with rare manifestation as gastrointestinal bleed and both are doing well after successful pancreatoduodenectomy.

Sangrado digestivo oscuro por tumor carcinoide ileal / Obscure digestive bleeding by ileal carcinoid tumor

Mujer de 82 años con antecedentes de osteoartrosis, hipotiroidismo y anemia desde hace 14 años (ha recibido transfusiones). Refiere desde hace 9 meses malestar general, hiporexia, astenia y sensación de debilidad; asociadas a episodios de dolor abdominal intermitente. En un centro médico le detectaron anemia y Thevenon positivo. En el examen físico observamos a una paciente en regular estado general, obesa, con edema leve de miembros inferiores, sin alteraciones en tórax, cardiovascular, abdomen, etc. Sus exámenes auxiliares fueron normales, excepto que tenía anemia ferropénica. Le realizaron una endoscopia alta y colonoscopia sin detectar alguna fuente potencial de sangrado; se planteó el diagnóstico de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro. La evaluación se complementó con una ecografía y tomografía abdominal observando esteatosis hepática y litiasis vesicular; la radiografía de tránsito intestinal detectó una lesión protruida en un asa intestinal aparentemente correspondiente a yeyuno distal; Se le realizó la enteroscopia (con equipo de un solo balón) anterógrada y retrógrada logrando evaluar yeyuno proximal e ileon distal sin observar alguna lesión. El estudio de cápsula endoscópica mostró un tumor polipoideo ûaparentemente en yeyuno- con evidencia de haber sangrado. La intervención quirúrgica detectó el área tumoral en el íleon proximal; en el espécimen quirúrgico se evidenciaron 3 tumoraciones de 0.7mm, 10mm y 15mm cuyo estudio histológico mostró que se trataban de lesiones correspondientes a tumor carcinoide. La presentación del tumor ileal carcinoide como hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro no es frecuente.

The patient is an 82 year-old female with a history of osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism and anemia for 14 years (receiving blood transfusions). She was admited to our hospital with a nine months history of malaise, anorexia, fatigue and weakness, associated with intermitten episodes of abdominal pain. She was diagnosed anemia and occult blood positive stools. Physical examination revealed a patient in generally fair condition, obese, with mild edema of lower limbs, no changes in the evaluation of chest, cardiovascular, abdomen, etc. Laboratory data was unremarkable, except for iron deficiency anemia. The upper endoscopy showed duodenal ulcer scar, fundic polyposis and chronic gastritis. Colonoscopy revealed some diverticula, a small sessile polyp and internal hemorrhoids. The diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was made. The CT scan of the abdomen showed gallstones and fatty liver; a radiograph of intestinal transit detected a lesion apparently protruded intestinal loop for distal jejunum; enteroscopy was performed (with one team ball) anterograde and retrograde achieving assess distal jejunum and distal ileum without observing any injuries. The study of capsule endoscopy showed a polypoid tumor intestinal with evidence of having bleeding. Surgery detected the tumor in proximal ileum. The surgical specimen findings showed three tumors 0.7mm, 10mm and 15mm on the proximal ileum. The microscopic examination revealed that these lesions were neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid). The Ileal carcinoid tumor may rarely presented with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

Tumores apendiculares en 6.093 apendicectomías de urgencias: sobrevida a 5 años / Appendiceal malignant tumors among patients with acute appendicitis

Background: Acute appendicitis can be the first manifestation of an appendiceal tumor. Aim: To evaluate the incidence of appendiceal tumors among patients operated for acute appendicitis. Material and Methods: All patients operated for acute appendicitis between 1998 and 2008 and whose appendix had a pathological study were included. Survival was calculated using national death register databases. Results: Data from 6.093 patients was analyzed. A malignant tumor was found in 17 patients (0.3 percent). Eleven patients aged 23 +/- 14 years had a carcinoid tumor, that was more commonly located distally, five patients aged 66 +/-18 years had an adenocarcinoma, that was more commonly located proximally, and one patient had a non Hodgkin lymphoma. Curative surgery was carried out in all carcinoid tumors and 40 percent of adenocarcinomas. No patient had regional lymph node involvement. Five years survival of patients with carcinoid tumors was 100 percent. Conclusions: The finding of malignant tumor among patients with acute appendicitis is uncommon.

Introducción: Al enfrentarnos a un paciente con apendicitis aguda, pocas veces pensamos que puede ser la primera manifestación de un cáncer apendicular. Objetivo: Describir el número de casos nuevos de cáncer apendicular en las apendicectomías de urgencia en el Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) durante los años 1998-2008. Material y Métodos: Serie de casos. Se incluyeron pacientes operados por abdomen agudo en el servicio de urgencia del HBO, que en cuyo informe anatomopatológico de la biopsia diferida se informara cáncer apendicular, entre los años 1998 y 2008. Se excluyeron pacientes en los que el apéndice estaba comprometido por contigüidad. Algunas variables incluidas: edad, sexo, diagnóstico preoperatorio, tipo de cirugía, resección completa tumoral, reintervención, características histoanatomopatológicas, terapia adyuvante. Descripción de variables en porcentajes, medias o medianas. Curvas de sobrevida: Kaplan Meier. Programa estadístico Stata 10.0. Resultados: Se analizaron 6.093 pacientes. Se encontró un cáncer en el 0,28 por ciento (17 pacientes) de los casos. 11 (64 por ciento) fueron carcinoides, 5 (29 por ciento) adenocarcinomas y 1 (6 por ciento) linfoma no Hodgkin. Edad promedio 23,45 (DS +/- 14,45) años en los carcinoidesy 65,75 (DS +/- 18,46) en los adenocarcmomas. En los carcinoides predominó el sexo femenino, contrario a lo sucedido en los adenocarcmomas. Se practicó cirugía curativa al 100 por ciento de los carcinoides y al 40 por ciento de los adenocarcinomas. Ubicación más frecuente: Carcinoides en tercio distal y adenocarcinoma en tercio proximal. Ningún tumor tuvo linfonodos comprometidos. 100 por ciento de sobrevida a 5 años en carcinoides. Conclusiones: El número de casos nuevos de cáncer en una apendicitis aguda es bajo. En los carcinoides, la sobrevida a 5 años es alta.

Tumor carcinoide de intestino delgado / Carcinoid tumor of small bowel

Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de tumor carcinoide ileal, uma condição rara e maligna. Os autores apresentam um caso de tumor carcinoide do íleo terminal, diagnosticado pela clínica, estudos de imagem e exame histopatológico, em um paciente de 45 anos de idade. O paciente consultou a unidade de cirurgia reclamando de sintomas midintestinal suboclusiva. Durante o exame físico, observou-se abdome distendido e doloroso, com sinal fora de peritonite. Não se encontraram alterações laboratoriais, exceto para a PCR de 40 mg/mL. A paciente foi encaminhada para a unidade de imagem para realização de exames complementares (RX, ultrassonografia, TC), revelando retenção e dilatação do intestino delgado consequente a causa inflamatória inespecífica no íleo terminal. Após estudos de imagem, a laparotomia exploradora e ressecção íleo-cólon consequente direito foram executadas. O histopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de tumor carcinoide. O diagnóstico correto é feito raramente antes da operação por radiologistas e cirurgiões, principalmente por causa da incapacidade de reconhecer essa entidade. Por conseguinte, é importante considerar essa lesão no diagnóstico diferencial, para evitar conduta equivocada.

This study aims to report a case of a ileal carcinoid tumor, a rare and malignant condition. The authors present an carcinoid tumor case in the terminal ileum, diagnosticated by clinic, image studies and histopathologic exam, in a patient of 45 year old. The patient consulted the surgery unit complaining of midintestinal subocclusive symptoms. During the physical examination was noted a distended and painful abdomen with out peritonitis sign's. No abnormalities were found laboratory tests except for a PCR of 40 mg/ml. The patient was referred to the image unit for realization of complementary examinations (XR, ultrasonographic, TC) revealing a retention and dilation of the small bowel consequent a inflammatory inespecific cause in terminal ileum. After image studies the exploratory laparotomy and consequent ileum-right colon resection was performed. The histopathologic confirmed the diagnosis of carcinoid tumor. A correct diagnosis is rarely made before operation by radiologists or surgeons primarily because of failure to recognize this entity. It therefore is important to consider this lesion in differential diagnosis to avoid mistaken conduct.